What is Blockchain and How It Works

Problem – The Confusion Around Blockchain

Blockchain is often misunderstood. To some, it’s just about Bitcoin. To others, it’s an abstract tech buzzword thrown around at conferences. What is it really? How does it work? And most importantly—why should anyone care outside of the cryptocurrency space?



The confusion isn’t unwarranted. The concept of decentralized ledgers, cryptographic hashes, and distributed consensus can be intimidating. According to a 2023 survey by Deloitte, 78% of executives said blockchain will be “critical to their business strategy,” yet only 30% felt their teams truly understood how it works.

This knowledge gap is a growing problem. As more industries explore blockchain for real-world applications—from finance to supply chains—the lack of clarity could cost professionals their competitive edge.

Agitation – Falling Behind as Blockchain Grows

The train is moving fast.

In 2024, JPMorgan processed over $1 billion in intra-bank transactions on its private blockchain, Onyx. Walmart uses blockchain to track food safety across its supply chains. Meanwhile, governments in Estonia and South Korea have implemented blockchain for digital identity and land registry systems.

The key takeaway: blockchain is no longer experimental. It’s solving real-world problems.

If you’re a developer, business analyst, project manager, or tech leader and you don’t understand how blockchain works, you risk missing opportunities or making bad investment decisions. The fear of getting left behind isn’t just paranoia—it’s backed by trends.

Solution – What is Blockchain and How It Works (Explained Realistically)

Let’s cut through the noise and break blockchain down to its essentials.

Table of Content

What is Blockchain?

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger that records transactions across a network of computers. Unlike traditional databases controlled by one central authority, blockchain allows multiple parties to have simultaneous access to a tamper-proof record of data.




Each piece of data, or "block," contains a list of transactions. Blocks are linked together in a chain using cryptographic hashes. This structure ensures the integrity of the data.

Key Components of Blockchain

  1. Block Contains a set of transactions, a timestamp, and a hash of the previous block.
  2. Hash: A digital fingerprint that uniquely identifies data. If someone tries to alter a transaction, the hash changes and breaks the chain.
  3. Decentralized Nodes: Every participant in the network has a copy of the blockchain.
  4. Consensus Mechanism: Ensures that all nodes agree on the current state of the blockchain. Common methods include Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS).

How Blockchain Works – Step by Step

Let’s say Alice wants to send 2 tokens to Bob on a blockchain network.

  1. Transaction Initiated: Alice creates a transaction.
  2. Broadcast to Network: The transaction is sent to a peer-to-peer network.
  3. Validation: Nodes validate the transaction using a consensus algorithm.
  4. Block Creation: Valid transactions are grouped into a new block.
  5. Block Added to Chain: The new block is added to the existing chain.
  6. Distributed Update: The updated blockchain is distributed across all nodes.

Case Study – Blockchain in Action: Maersk and IBM TradeLens

One of the most impactful use cases of blockchain is in global trade logistics.

Maersk, one of the world’s largest shipping companies, partnered with IBM to launch TradeLens, a blockchain-based shipping solution. The problem they tackled? Inefficient paper-based processes, fraud, and lack of transparency in shipping.

What TradeLens Achieved:

  • Reduced shipment processing time by 40%.
  • Over 150 participants including port authorities and freight forwarders.
  • Replaced traditional documents with real-time, verifiable records.

The result: faster, more secure shipping with fewer disputes.

Case Study – Blockchain in Healthcare: MediLedger

The U.S. pharmaceutical supply chain faces the problem of counterfeit drugs. MediLedger, a blockchain consortium including Pfizer and Genentech, is solving this.

Impact:

  • Enables real-time tracking of drug movement.
  • Reduces chances of counterfeit medication entering the system.
  • Complies with the U.S. Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA).

Case Study – Blockchain in Finance: DeFi and JPMorgan Onyx

In traditional finance, intermediaries like banks and brokers dominate. Blockchain’s decentralized finance (DeFi) model removes these middlemen.

Example:

  • In 2024, the total value locked in DeFi exceeded $100 billion.
  • Platforms like Aave and Compound offer lending and borrowing without banks.

JPMorgan’s Onyx, a private blockchain, processed over $1 billion in intra-bank payments in 2024, showing that even traditional institutions are leveraging blockchain.

Advantages of Blockchain



  • Transparency: All participants see the same data.
  • Security: Cryptographic hashes and consensus mechanisms prevent fraud.
  • Decentralization: No single point of failure.
  • Immutability: Once recorded, data cannot be altered.

Limitations of Blockchain

  • Scalability: Some blockchains, like Bitcoin, handle only a few transactions per second.
  • Energy Consumption: Proof-of-Work blockchains can be energy-intensive.
  • Regulatory Hurdles: Governments are still catching up with regulations.

Future Outlook

According to Gartner, by 2026, 25% of global enterprises will use blockchain in production. From cross-border payments to digital voting systems, the applications are growing fast.

Even central banks are exploring Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) using blockchain infrastructure. The Bank of England and European Central Bank are already testing prototypes.

Conclusion – Take the First Step to Understand Blockchain

Blockchain isn’t just about cryptocurrency. It’s a foundational technology with real use cases across industries.

If you want to stay relevant in today’s tech-driven world, now’s the time to understand how blockchain works. Whether you’re a developer, analyst, or just someone curious about where the world is headed—learning blockchain is a step toward being part of the future.

Start with the basics, read real-world case studies, and explore platforms like Ethereum, Hyperledger, and Corda. The tech is evolving, and the opportunities are real.

Blockchain is no longer the future—it’s the present. Don’t get left behind.

 

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